In relation to the clinical consideration, the affective perceptions are negatively biased in patients with depression, which is paralleled by reduced P3 amplitudes related to happy-face perception ( Cavanagh and Geisler, 2006). Such change in affective perception can be assumed as a kind of affective bias. These findings suggest that unconscious listening to background music in daily life can affect mood and consequently modify affective perception. Indeed, the music used in music therapy is played at normative loudness it need not be loud or boisterous as in a concert hall. Another interesting aspect of music therapy is continuous attention to music is not necessary because passive listening is as effective as active listening in several cases ( Mercadie et al., 2015 Millett and Gooding, 2018). This suggests that music can regulate cognitive perception, beyond a direct effect on mood. For example, in music therapy for pain, the main outcome is the alleviation of pain perception ( Lee, 2016). Interestingly, a relaxing effect is not the only expected outcome of some music therapies. Recently, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the efficacy of music therapy ( Bradt et al., 2013 Aalbers et al., 2017 van der Steen et al., 2018). Background music is not limited to composed melodies: several online music streaming services provide artificial mixtures of daily noise claimed to serve as “concentration helping” background music ( Zhang et al., 2013). The mood adjusting effects of background music are not only applicable to movies, but are widely used in environments, such as shopping malls and restaurants, to enhance the behavior of customers ( Milliman, 1982, 1986). For example, the choice of background music in a movie can dramatically change the impact of visual scenery perception, even if the music itself is not being consciously listened to Boltz (2004). One reason for the ubiquity of music is its ability to change mood ( Sloboda and Juslin, 2001). These findings suggest that increase in HR, which happens during BusyBGM exposure, can be a reflecting feature of music that ameliorates the affective response to aversive stimuli, possibly through selective reduction in neurophysiological responses.įrom majestic operas to a casual humming, music plays an indispensable and extensive role in human life. Interestingly, heart rate (HR) increased in BusyBGM, whereas no increase in HR was found in similar distress, NoBGM condition. However, affective responses as well as P3 amplitude to reference pure tone stimuli were similar regardless of background music conditions. Interestingly, affective response to the white noise was selectively alleviated, and white noise-related P3 component amplitude was reduced in BusyBGM. Using subjective scoring data from 17 healthy volunteers, we assessed the effect of relaxing background music (RelaxBGM), busy background music (BusyBGM), or no background music (NoBGM) conditions on response to aversive white noise stimulation. Here, we examined if the perception of aversive stimuli could be altered by mood-changing background music. Despite the well-recognized effects of music on mood, changes in affective perception due to music remain majorly unknown. Music is commonly used to modify mood and has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic intervention. 3Department of Sleep and Behavioral Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. ![]() 2Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.1Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.Masahiro Matsuo 1, Fumi Masuda 1,2, Yukiyoshi Sumi 1, Masahiro Takahashi 1, Atsushi Yoshimura 1, Naoto Yamada 1 and Hiroshi Kadotani 3*
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